Three years ago, when the global financial crisis hit, Matthew Yang thought the worst had come. Unfortunately for him, he was wrong.

Yang, a sales executive at a chemicals company, is preparing to travel to Brazil and Colombia to seek new business opportunities to make up for contracts with developed countries lost in the aftermath of the meltdown.

As deputy manager of sales at Guangdong Zhongcheng Chemicals Inc Ltd, a direct competitor of the world's leading chemical company BASF, Yang traveled to Latin America two years ago.

"Now I will go there more frequently than before, looking for possibilities for business cooperation, because we have decided to develop the emerging markets, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia."

As the world's largest exporter of sodium hydrosulfite, widely used for textile dying and pulp bleaching, Zhongcheng exports products mainly to the United States, the European Union and Japan. In 2010, its exports amounted to 85,000 tons worth $90 million.

But because the recovery of these developed economies remains slow and uncertain, the exports situation is "deteriorating".

"The second quarter was the worst that we have ever experienced since 2008, even worse than the last quarter of 2008," said Yang.

About 45 percent of Zhongcheng's exports go to the US. The company accounts for 50 percent of US imports of sodium hydrosulfite.

Now there are few signs that things will get better in the coming months. "We have to expand our overseas sales network to developing nations," said Yang.

Zhongcheng is only one of tens of thousands of Chinese manufacturers and exporters that have suffered from the uncertain global economic recovery and the worsening business environment both at home and abroad.

According to the General Administration of Customs, from January to June, China's exports grew by 24 percent from a year earlier to $874.3 billion, compared with 35.2 percent during the same period of 2010.

China's year-on-year export growth has been declining month-by-month during the first half, dropping to 17.9 percent in June from 37.7 percent in January.

"Although there is still double-digit growth for China's exports, the situation for its exporters is getting worse," said Zhang Ji, direct general of the Ministry of Commerce's Department of Mechanic, Electronic and High-tech Industry.

According to the ministry, China's exports of machinery and electronic goods increased by 13.8 percent year-on-year in June, down from 35.3 percent for January.

Figures from the National Bureau of Statistics showed China's net exports contributed a negative 0.7 percentage points to its gross domestic product during the first half of the year.

Domestic consumption

As part of its 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015), China said it will try to rely more on domestic consumption to drive up its economic growth in the next five years, rather than exports.

Thanks to its large number of laborers and comparatively cheap labor costs, China's exports have been on a fast growth track during the past three decades since the nation launched the reform and opening-up policy.

But the rapid growth came to a halt in 2009, with Chinese exports dropping by 16 percent year-on-year, as overseas demand for Chinese goods shrank following the financial crisis.

During the past year, Chinese companies such as Zhongcheng found the situation had become more complicated and harder to deal with. They started to receive multiple shocks from rising raw material prices and wages, revaluation of the yuan and a growing number of disputes with its trading partners, in addition to shrinking overseas orders.

Since 2008, wages for contract workers in Zhongcheng have grown by 50 to 100 percent. During the first half of this year alone, the figure surged 20 percent compared with a year ago, said Yang.

Some toy and textile factories in China's coastal regions have closed down amid the growing pressures home and abroad.

"About one third of the top 200 companies involved in the processing trade registered negative growth during the first half," said Zhang. "A batch of companies will be struggling in coming months, with some dying out."

As China's leading wood floor exporter, Shenzhen Yekalon Development Co Ltd saw a rise of 50 percent in overseas sales during the first half of the year. However, rising wages soaked up all the profits, with some staff members' wages doubling this year, said He Yixin, the corporate chairman.

"It's a really big headache for us," said He.

According to the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, during the first quarter, 13 municipalities and cities in China raised the minimum wage by an average of 21 percent.

By 2015, China will try to gradually raise the minimum wage by an annual average of more than 13 percent, said Yang Zhiming, vice-minister of the ministry, during a news briefing in April.

Currency appreciation is another challenge. Since June 2010, when the Chinese government pledged to increase currency flexibility, the yuan has surged by more than 5.6 percent. Many economists predict the yuan could further rise during the second half of this year by another 2 to 3 percent.

Hangzhou Zhongce Rubber Co Ltd, one of China's top three tire exporters, is suffering from similar problems to Zhongcheng and Yekalon.

"Endless trade remedy cases and continuously rising prices of raw materials are what troubled us most over the past months," said Ge Guorong, vice-general manager of Zhongce, in Zhejiang province.

Since 2001, when China was awarded its landmark World Trade Organization (WTO) membership, the country's tire exports have been growing rapidly. By the end of 2010, Zhongce's overseas sales had grown by 11 times the 2001 level.

But the explosive growth was followed by a series of trade remedy cases launched by both developed and developing nations from Latin America and Africa to the US and Asia.

The special safeguard investigation and final ruling launched by the US in 2009, the first such measures against Chinese tire exporters during the Barack Obama administration, was almost disastrous for Zhongce. They caused a sharp decline in the company's sales to the US, its major export destination, from 2010, when the ruling came into force.

For years, 35 percent of Zhongce's exports went to the US but since 2009 "our sales (to the US) decreased by 20 to 30 percent annually", said Ge.

"There will be a bigger drop in our sales to the US this year," he added.

The fast rise in natural rubber prices worldwide, which now accounts for 50 percent of the costs in tire making, has also squeezed profits at the company.

In November 2009, natural rubber was priced at 16,000 yuan ($2,480) a ton. The cost began rising this year, at one stage climbing by 140 percent to as high as 39,000 yuan a ton.

"Probably, the price will continue to increase," said Ge.

In 2010, Zhongce's overseas sales reached $800 million. "We expect to have overseas sales of about $1 billion," was Ge's prediction for this year.

Bleak prospects

"We began to see sharp falls in export growth in May. The trend will probably continue for the rest of the year mainly because of rising raw material prices," said Han Jie, vice-director general of Zhejiang provincial department of commerce.

The province, a major export base, saw its exports grow by 22.3 percent year-on-year to reach $147 billion from January to June. That is 1.7 percentage points lower than the national average.

Zhu Min, director general of the Department of Commerce of Jiangsu province, another major Chinese export base, also predicted the region's exports will continue to slow down in the second half.

Jiangsu, which hosts a large number of companies involved in the processing trade, created a trade surplus in the province of $37.6 billion in the first six months of the year, accounting for 84 percent of the nation's total in the same period.

In June, the US unemployment rate in the non-agriculture sector surged to its highest point this year at 9.2 percent. Although the two main US political parties could reach a consensus on the controversial proposal to raise the nation's debt limit, the prospects for a US economic recovery remain uncertain, analysts said.

The prospects for the European Union economy, meanwhile, are also bleak. The European debt crisis is spreading from Greece and Ireland to Italy and Spain, which is dragging down the economic recovery of the entire bloc.

As the economic growth of the developed world slackens, experts say many countries are likely to bring more trade remedy cases against Chinese exporters. China has been the world's largest exporting nation since 2009.

"Combating trade protectionism, especially anti-subsidy measures and green trade barriers worldwide, will be a crucial task for Chinese exporters this year," said Zhang Jinsheng, director and senior economist of the Shenzhen WTO Affair Center.

"We are ready for more cases landing," he said.

Li Jilin, president of Zhejiang Cathaya International Co Ltd, the world's largest silk goods exporter, said several factors, including weak demand abroad, raw material price hikes and labor cost rises, as well as insufficient government policies on supporting Chinese exports, will "bring bigger problems for Chinese exporters if no effective measures are taken".

Since late last year, China has shifted its focus to promoting imports to better balance its trade, and the nation has also reduced tax rebates for exports of some goods that are produced through processes that create high levels of pollution, such as steel and certain chemicals.

Yao Jian, a spokesperson for the Ministry of Commerce, said recently that China's export prospects are "not optimistic" and growth will "decelerate further" during the rest of the year. He cited rising costs in labor and raw materials and difficulties in financing as a result of China's tightening measures as the reason.

"We will try to stabilize exports and draw up relevant policies, in terms of tax rebates, financing, credit insurance and the processing trade," Yao said.

As wages for China's laborers keep rising, many global companies are moving manufacturing bases to other Asian nations where costs are lower. Nike, the world's leading sportswear maker, said recently that Vietnam overtook China last year to become the biggest supplier of footwear for the company.

Those who do not want to shift their production lines overseas have to consider ways of sharpening their competitiveness.

"The best time for Chinese exporters is over. They have to learn how to survive in the face of all sorts of challenges and more intensive competition, and profits will not be easy to come by," said Li Wei, economist from Standard Chartered Bank in Shanghai.

Zhu agreed. "We will see an end of the time when Chinese exporters reaped fat profits from cheap labor costs and raw materials. Also, the time when (year-on-year) export growth reached as high as 30 to 40 percent will not return," he said.

"We have to get comfortable with growth of about 10 or 20 percent. That is still high growth."

"The financial crisis and the current situation alarm us and are prompting us to change direction and make us fit for the market and enhance our competitiveness," said Zhu.

Many Chinese companies are already preparing for change by expanding their sales networks, enhancing their technology, improving their product lines and investing overseas.

Emerging markets

"We are diversifying sales channels to the European Union, Latin America and Southeast Asia," said Ge from Hangzhou Zhongce.

During the first half, Zhongce's sales to the EU grew by more than 50 percent year-on-year. The ratio of its sales to the US out of its overseas sales dropped to 20 percent from 35 percent in 2009.

The company is also producing high-end tires tailored for different markets - for example, tires that are suitable for winter weather for some European markets and heat-resistant tires for Latin American nations.

During the first half, China's exports to emerging markets such as Russia and Brazil grew by 46.1 percent and 41.3 percent respectively, year-on-year, while the figure was 16.9 percent for the US and EU, according to customs data.

Besides shifting sales to emerging markets, Zhongcheng is also diversifying and upgrading its goods and making products tailored for special customer needs, such as low-dusting formula for brake pads.

The processing trade has been a major source of China's exports during the past three decades. China is now launching measures to promote its transformation and upgrade the sector, which involves importing all or part of the raw materials, parts and components for a product from abroad and re-exporting the finished goods after processing or assembling by companies on the mainland.

In late 2010, China named Suzhou in Jiangsu province and Dongguan in Guangdong province as pilot cities for upgrading the processing trade and provided them with preferential policies such as tax breaks.

"China's processing trade needs to be transformed and upgraded, but stable and predictable policies tailored to it are much more important," Zhu said.

Zhejiang-based Jushi Group Co Ltd, the world's largest glass fabric producer and exporter, which is experiencing soaring sales, is also finding it necessary to make changes within the company.

Jushi has a large sales network across 75 nations and regions, registering annual overseas sales of $500 to $600 million. Global demand fully recovered in 2010 and is expected to surge 40 percent this year.

"There is no worry about demand," said Zhang Yuqiang, chairman of Jushi.

To reduce the risks of trade protectionism, yuan appreciation and rising costs, the company is considering investing overseas and moving production abroad.

"The sooner, the better. Markets such as Brazil, India and Egypt will be the target," he said